What is a Stock Dividend?

What is a Stock Dividend?

Sometimes a company pays a dividend not in cash but in additional stock shares of the company. This is a stock dividend.

Suppose you own 100 shares of Acme Lemonade Stands. The company had a good year and earned a lot of money. The company wants to pay its owners (its shareholders) some of that money. Normally you might think the company would pay a small amount of money to each shareholder for each share of the company they own. If they pay $1 per share, you get $100. (See What is Dividend Yield?)

If the company instead decides to pay a stock dividend, you'll get an extra fraction of a share for each share you own. For example, if they give 5% of a share for every share you own, you'll get 5 extra shares and will subsequently own 105 shares.

If this sounds like a stock split to you, you're right. They're very similar.

Why Would a Company Pay a Stock Dividend?

Why would Acme Lemonade Stands pay a stock dividend instead of a cash dividend? There are a few reasons. The most obvious is that the company may not have the liquid cash available to pay a dividend. (In that case, why pay a dividend? Not everything makes sense.)

As a benefit to shareholders, they generally do not have to pay taxes on a stock dividend, where they do on a cash dividend, at least until they sell them.

While issuing new stock for a dividend may dilute the value of existing stock, increasing the pool of available stocks (as with a stock split) may increase the liquidity of the stock, thus potentially improving its price. Furthermore, some of the accounting practices required to pay a stock dividend may end up increasing the market capitalization of the company.

Even though it may seem like the relative value of each share will decrease (because there are more shares available), the increase in market capitalization should offset any dilution. In other words, people expect the price of the stock to stay about the same after the stock dividend.

Is a Stock Dividend Better than a Cash Dividend?

Some people prefer stock dividends because they offer investors a choice: keep the stock or sell it for cash. In practice, it's probably a wash. Whether you prefer a cash dividend to a stock dividend is up to you. The tax consequences of a stock dividend may be more attractive, but you don't have to do anything to realize the value of a cash dividend. You can, of course, reinvest a cash dividend back into the company, but you could also immediately sell the new shares granted to you by the stock dividend.

Stock dividends are rarer than cash dividends (possibly because they require more accounting), but in either case, a company making enough money to return some of it to its shareholders is doing well. You're fortunate to own such a great company, especially if you bought it at a great price!

Stock Dividend vs. Stock Split: What's the Real Difference?

A stock dividend and a stock split accomplish something similar (more shares outstanding, each worth proportionally less) but they're recorded differently. A stock split (like a 2-for-1 split) simply doubles your share count and typically doesn't touch the company's retained earnings on the balance sheet. A stock dividend, by contrast, is accounted for as a transfer from retained earnings to the company's paid-in capital account, based on the market value of the new shares issued. The mechanics are an accounting distinction more than something that changes what you, as a shareholder, actually experience.

An Example

Say you own 200 shares of a company trading at $40 per share (a $8,000 position), and the company declares a 10% stock dividend. You'd receive 20 additional shares, bringing your total to 220 shares. All else being equal, the share price would adjust down to roughly $36.36 so that your total position is still worth about $8,000 immediately after the dividend. You haven't gained or lost value on the day of the dividend. What's changed is your share count and, potentially, your future dividend payments if the company pays a per-share cash dividend going forward on your larger number of shares.